What every clinician needs to know pathogen name and classification streptococcus pneumoniae what is the best treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important for invasive pneumococcal disease. Identification and characterization of streptococcus pneumoniae. The organism causes infection either by direct extension from the nasopharynx, leading, for example, to pneumonia or otitis media, or by. Who laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis.
Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease fact sheet. Streptococcus pneumoniaehas consistently been shown to be the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonia cap in both adults and children. Early recognition is critical, because of the potential to improve morbidity and mortality. Laboratory diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae infection is based on finding characteristics shape of the organism in the sputum, characteristic colony morphology, biochemical reactions, susceptibility to certain diagnostic discs and latex agglutination test. The most common types of infections are meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, and ear and sinus infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease.
Laboratorybased diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Types of disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. Otitis media for treatment of otitis media in children, amoxicillin, 30mgkg, three times daily, is recommended, based on the following reasoning. Diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniaeassociated hemolytic. The classic clinical picture is that of concomitant pulmonary andor meningeal and joint infections in the presence of predisposing local and systemic factors. Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most significant pathogens that are responsible for bacterial pneumonia. Treatment options include antibiotic therapy usually. Streptococcus pneumoniae also known as pneumococcus is a grampositive, extracellular, opportunistic pathogen that colonizes the mucosal surfaces of the human upper respiratory tract urt.
Blood culture is the most important tool for establishing a definitive diagnosis, but. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of serious illness among children worldwide. The gold standard diagnostic method is still culture even if bacteriological diagnosis is making progress in molecular biology and in proteomics areas. Neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae w h o m a n ua l, 2n d e d i t ion1 1 the first edition has the who reference whocdscsredc99. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important causative agent of pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, sinusitis and otitis media. Streptococcus pneumonia paves the way to a lot of pneumococcal diseases in people that have very low immune systems, children and elderly people. Sep 02, 2019 streptococcus pneumoniae are round bacteria that tend to grow in chains, usually in lancetlooking pairs called diplococci, and are the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonia. Diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram positive, anaerobic bacterial species which belongs to the streptococcus genus of gram positive bacteria. Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis has long been based on classical methods of gram stain, serological tests, and culture of cerebrospinal fluid csf. However, it can also asymptomatically colonize the upper. Symptoms streptococcus pneumonia can cause different types of illnesses depending on the site of infection, such as ear infections, sinus infections, meningitis, or bloodstream infections bacteremia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an asymptomatic colonizer of the nasopharynx and is a major cause of a diverse array of infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, sinusitis, and otitis media. Practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients in making decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Recommandations sur lutilisation des nouveaux outils. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae w h o m a n ua l, 2n d e d i t ion1 1 the first edition has the who reference whocdscsredc99. Invasive streptococcus pneumoniae is diagnosed when the bacterium is grown from cultures of sterile body fluids, such as the blood or spinal fluid. Pdf diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae infections in. Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease ipdinvasive. Laboratory diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal disease. Sputum or blood is plated on blood agar and incubated at 37 c in the presence of 510% carbon dioxide.
Pneumonia caused by legionella may occur with abdominal pain, diarrhea, or confusion. Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen detection in urine. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae observatoires regionaux du pneumocoque. Streptococcus pneumoniae, drugresistant invasive disease drsp streptococcus pneumoniae 2007 case definition recommend on facebook tweet share compartir note. Diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults with bacteremia and communityacquired pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of communityacquired pneumonia cap 1. These diseases are contagious and can spread from a person to another. They are usually found in pairs and do not form spores and are nonmotile. In the case of pneumococcal disease, antibiotics can help prevent severe illness.
Because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with pneumococcal pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis, it is important to have diagnostic test methods available that can provide a rapid diagnosis. Streptococcus pneumoniae associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. The diagnostic reliability of the quellung reaction of sputum and the gram stain directed sputum culture sc for bacteriologic diagnosis of pneumonia due to. Clinical comparison of pneumococcal pcr and urinary antigen detection. The primary anaerobes found to cause aspiration pneumonia. Table 2 laboratory diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae, atypical pathogens and. Laboratory diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive fact sheet what is an invasive streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae septic arthritis is an uncommon infection. Multiplex urinary antigen detection for streptococcus.
Streptococcus pneumoniae septic arthritis in adults. Culture and identification during suspected streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Person to person through close contact via respiratory droplets. Streptococcus pneumoniae, drugresistant invasive disease. Diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults with. The performance of these methods, especially culture and direct smear, is thwarted by failure to. Bacterial and viral cases of pneumonia usually result in similar symptoms. Gram staining of sputum shows lancet shaped grampositive cocci in pairs. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequently encountered bacterial agent of communityacquired pneumonia, and can also be an agent of bacterial meningitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes many clinical syndromes, depending upon the site of infection e. Streptococcus pneumoniae has a high genetic diversity, and certain lineages are particularly successful. Virulence factors and pathogenesis of streptococcus pneumoniae. This pneumonia usually presents abruptly with chills, a cough with rustcolored.
Streptococcus pneumoniaassociated hemolytic uremic syndrome hus pneumococcal hus is an uncommon condition mainly observed in young children. It is the major virulence factor of streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae classification alphahemolytic, grampositive, encapsulated, aerobic diplococcus family streptococcaceae affected species. It is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, sinusitis, and otitis media, and it occasionally infects tissues at other sites. Streptococcus pneumoniae the pneumococcus is the classic example of a highly invasive, grampositive, extracellular bacterial pathogen. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes, symptoms, diagnosis. Invasive pneumococcal disease is defined as an infection confirmed by the isolation of streptococcus pneumoniae from a normally sterile site eg, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and pleural, joint, or peritoneal fluid but not sputum. Pdf streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of the lung caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae.
Workers and experts met to discuss the gaps in the microbiologybased diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae disease, with special emphasis on pneumonia. Read all about streptococcus pneumoniae treatment in the following write up. Laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia in the molecular age european. Streptococcus pneumoniae infectious disease advisor. Some pneumococcal infections are considered invasive when the infection occurs in areas parts of the body that are normally sterile. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally causing more deaths than any other infectious disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae technical sheet charles river.
The disease spreads easily through contact with respiratory fluids, and it causes regular epidemics. A serotypespecific urinary antigen detection uad assay for serotypes included in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine pcv was recently reported as a useful diagnostic tool for pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae associated hemolytic uremic syndrome hus is an underrecognized condition that mainly occurs in young children. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of communityacquired pneumonia worldwide. Pneumococcal pneumonia is a serious form of lung infection which causes fever, chills, cough, difficulty breathing, and chest pains. Disease incidence is higher in developing than in industrialized countries. To improve the usefulness of pcr assays, we developed a dualpcr protocol targeted at pneumolysin and autolysin for edta blood samples.
Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for. Feb 27, 2019 streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus is a grampositive bacterium that is responsible for the majority of communityacquired pneumonia. Laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of streptococcus pneumoniae. Laboratory diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae infection is based on finding characteristics shape of the organism in the sputum, characteristic colony morphology, biochemical reactions, susceptibility to certain diagnostic discs and latex agglutination test culture and identification during suspected streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Alerts and notices synopsis streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus, an encapsulated aerobic grampositive diplococcus, is the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonias in adults. Streptococcus pneumoniae an overview sciencedirect topics. A recently developed urinary antigen test may provide a rapid diagnosis. Pdf diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis by. Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease ipdinvasive pneumococcal disease overview1,2,5 streptococcus pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus, is a bacteria that causes an acute infection.
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes many clinical syndromes, depending on the site of infection e. Diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae lower respiratory. Pdf streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonia. Laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia due to streptococcus. Antibody to the polysaccharide capsule 80 serotypes provides typespecific immunity. Differentiating pneumococci from viridans streptococci is difficult as young pneumococcal colonies appear raised, similar to viridans streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae are bacteria that are commonly found in the nose and throat of children and adults. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a grampositive diplococcus also known as pneumococcus or diplococcus pneumonia, is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia in infants and elderly patients, alcoholics, diabetics, and patients with immunosuppression. Early diagnosis is important because of the potential to. Pneumococcal infections are caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, a grampositive, catalasenegative organism commonly referred to as pneumococcus. It is important to know if it is pneumococcal disease because the treatment will change depending on the cause. Feb 18, 2009 the diagnosis of severe streptococcus pneumoniae infection relies heavily on insensitive culture techniques. Before universal infant immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the u.
Some causes are associated with classic, but nonspecific, clinical characteristics. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, and isolation of streptococcus pneumoniae from vitreous andor aqueous humours of 19 patients definite diagnosis, and from other ocular specimens of 17 patients probable diagnosis. Aug 27, 2018 pneumococcal infections are caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, a grampositive, catalasenegative organism commonly referred to as pneumococcus. S pneumoniae is the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonia cap, bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, and otitis media, as well as an important cause of sinusitis, septic arthritis, osteomy. A relatively new, rapid immunochromatographic test that detects c polysaccharide antigen in urine binax now strep tococcus pneumoniae.
It is a commensal organism in the human respiratory tract. Initial laboratory tests are usually inconclusive, and joint aspiration is required for a definitive diagnosis. Pneumococcal meningitis can occur when the streptococcus pneumonia bacteria invade the bloodstream, cross the bloodbrain barrier and multiply within the fluid surrounding the spine and brain. A surveillance case definition is a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. The diagnosis of severe streptococcus pneumoniae infection relies heavily on insensitive culture techniques. The bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus is the most frequent cause of.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive pneumococcal disease ipd. Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease child 2000. Ninety different serotypes have been identified based on. These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including. Symptoms of a strep pneumonia are those common to infection of the lungs and these include respiratory difficulty, fever, malaise and chest pain according to the merck manuals online medical library.
Up to 2765% of children and pneumoniae and carriage involves a commensal relationship between the bacterium and the host 1,2. Streptococcus pneumoniae provides a simple, rapid method for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia using a urine specimen that is. Pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with rusty colored sputum. Starting in 2000, a conjugate pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for prevention of pneumococcal disease in the pediatric population. Pneumococcal disease streptococcus pneumoniae disease. Mar 15, 2008 streptococcus pneumoniae the pneumococcus is one of the most important human pathogens. Jan 15, 2020 laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of streptococcus pneumoniae. Pdf streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of both pneumonia overall and fatal pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumonia is a contagious respiratory infection. Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria pneumococcus. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a grampositive, alphahemolytic under aerobic conditions or betahemolytic under anaerobic conditions, facultative anaerobic member of the genus streptococcus. Centers for disease control and prevention pdf also in spanish. Streptococcus pneumoniae are round bacteria that tend to grow in chains, usually in lancetlooking pairs called diplococci, and are the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonia.
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